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Sunday 9 October 2011

(Lecture 32) Arithmetic Logic Unit (A-LU)

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (A-LU) another component of the processor performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operation.  Arithmetic operations include basic calculation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  Logical operation include conditions along with logical operator such as AND, OR, and NOT.  For example, if only employees paid hourly can receive overtime pay, the A-LU must verify to condition before computing an overtime wage.

  1. The employee is paid hourly AND
  2. The employee worked more than 40 hours

(Lecture 31) Control Unit (CU)

The control unit is the component of the processor that directs a coordinates most of operations in the computer.  The control unit has a rule much like a traffic cops:  It interprets each instruction issued by a program and then initiates the appropriate action to carry out the instructions.

(Lecture 30) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Microprocessor, also called the central processing unit, interprets and carries out all the basic instructions that operate the computer.  Processor contains a Control Unit (CU) and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (A-LU).  These two components work together to perform processing of operations.

(Lecture 29) Output Devices

Computer hardware components that are used to receive processed information from computer are called output devices.

  1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Flat Panel Display
  2. Speakers
  3. Printers (Impact Printers Dot Matrix Printer (Non-Impact Printers Ink Jet printer
  4. Plotters
  5. Projector

(Lecture 28) Types of Output


  1. Hard Form:  Printed paper or other permanent media that physically exists.
  2. Soft Form:  Displayed on screen or by other non-permanent means that not keep physically.

(Lecture 27) Output

Everything that computer display after processing is called output.

(Lecture 26) Multimedia

Multimedia is a combination of sound and images with text and graphics.  This would include movies, animation, music, people talking, sound effects like the roar of a crowd, smashing etc.

(Lecture 25) Input Devices

An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data or instruction into a computer.  Most commonly used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC video camera.

(Lecture 24) Input

Everything that we give to the computer system through input devices is called input.

(Lecture 23) 4th Generation (1975-Present) Very Large Scale Integration

Small Scale Integration contains ten to twenty I-Cs components.  Medium Scale integration, which has hundreds of integrated components in a single chip.  Large scale Integration possible to integrate 30,000 components into a single chip.  Very Large Scale Integration contains one million components integrated on a single chip.

Saturday 8 October 2011

(Lecture 22) 3rd Generation (1964-1975) Integrated Circuits

Advance "Microelectronic" technology made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit elements into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon know as Chip or Integrated Circuit.  The use of Integrated Circuit in place of transistors gave birth of new generation.  They were able to reduce computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds.
Examples:  IBM System/360 Series 

Tuesday 4 October 2011

(Lecture 21) 2nd Generation (1956-1964) Transistor

The transistor (Solid State Device) a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube was invented in 1947.  Faster in speed from the previous computers.  These computers were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds.  
Examples:  UNIVAC III, SS80, SS90, 1107

(Lecture 20) 1st Generation (1942-1955) Vacuum Tube

Vacuum tubes (fragile glass device) were the only electronic component available during those days that possible to make electronic digital computer.  These computers can calculate data in millisecond; these were very large in size.  
Examples:  UNIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC 

(Lecture 19) Generation of Computer

Generation in computer talk is a new step in hardware or software technology.  Different generations of computer are as follows:

  1. 1st Generation (1942-1955)
  2. 2nd Generation (1956-1964)
  3. 3rd Generation (1964-1975)
  4. 4th Generation (1975-Present)

(Lecture 18) Super Computers

Super computer is the biggest in size, most expensive in price an Powerful than any other computer.  It can process trillions of instructions in one second.  The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors.  Super computers are used in weather forecasting, weapon design, preparing models of chemical and biological system, mapping the surface of the planets and studying the neural network of the brain.

(Lecture 17) Mainframe Computers

A mainframe is a large computer in term of price, power and speed.  It consists of multiple processors.  It is specially designed to perform multiple intensive tasks for multiple users simultaneously.  It was introduced in 1970s.  A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second.  It is used in large organizations, such as Banks, Universities and Multinational companies etc.

(Lecture 16) Micro or Personal Computers

A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its inputs, processing, outputs and storage activities by itself.  A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage device.

(Lecture 15) Mini or Mid range Computers

It is larger and more powerful computers than personal computers.  It can execute five million instructions per second.  It generally consists of two or more processors.  It is more reliable than desktop computer.  Mini computers were introduced in 1960s.  Mini computers are also called mid range computers.  Mini computers are used in small companies to provide centralized store of information. 

(Lecture 14) Classification of Computers (By Size & Speed)

1.  Micro or Personal Computers 
2.  Mini or Mid Range Computers
3.  Mainframe  Computers
4.  Super Computers 

Saturday 1 October 2011

(Lecture 13) Technology

By technology computers divided into 5 generation, each generation has different hardware manufacturing technology.

(Lecture 12) Working Principal

By working behaviors computers divided into 3 types, depending upon the data and how computers process the data.

(Lecture 11) Size & Speed

By size and speed computers divided into 4 classification, depending upon the capacity and speed of processing the data.

(Lecture 10) Categories of Computers

There are three major ways to categories Computers.

  1. Size & Speed
  2. Working Principal
  3. Technology

(Lecture 9) Adoptability

Computer has ability to work with and to control each & every electronic device.  To plug camera, motors, fax, and many other machines with it to get required results.

(Lecture 8) Storage

Computer is used due to its large storage capacity.  A data that you can place in 100 (7x4) feet can be stored in a computer on a 2 x 2 inch area.

(Lecture 7) Reliability And Consistency

The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate.  The high reliability of computer enables to computer to produce consistence results.  So it correct & tireless machine.

(Lecture 6) Speed

Most computers carry out billions of operations in a single second.  The words fastest computer can perform trillions of operation in one second.

(Lecture 5) Characteristics of Computers

Computers are powerful for a verity of reasons.  They operate with amazing speed reliability, consistency, and accuracy.  Computer can store huge amount of data and information.

(Lecture 4) Information Processing Cycle

Information processing cycle consists of a series of tasks or steps required to convert data into information.  Different steps of information processing cycle are as follows.


Input                        Processing                        Output                    
Collection                Manipulation                    Decode
Verification             Classify                             View/Store
                                 Sorting
                                 Calculation


                               (IF NEEDED)                     

(Lecture 3) Information

The processed form of data is called information.  Information conveys meaning and is useful to one or more people.